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“殡葬暴利何以终结？”：公墓管理的困境与出路

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  • 案例名称：

    “殡葬暴利何以终结？”：公墓管理的困境与出路

  • 案例作者：

    蒲晓红

  • 作者单位：

    四川大学公共管理学院

  • 适用对象：

    学士硕士,MPA,本科,博士,其他,

  • 入库时间：

    2020年10月21日

  • 专业分类：

    公共安全与应急管理

  • 案例类型：

    传统案例（经典案例）

  • 编写方式：

    采编

  • 语言：

    中文

  • 关键词：

    殡葬改革 墓地危机 经营性公墓 传统观念 社会保障

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中文摘要：

1985年2月，国务院发布了《关于殡葬管理的暂行规定》，这是新中国建国后第一个全国性的殡葬行政法规，标志着我国殡葬改革初步进入法制阶段；1997年7月，国务院通过实施了《殡葬管理条例》[ 中华人民共和国国务院令第225号。《殡葬管理条例》确立起了殡葬行业的基本制度，包括殡葬立法的宗旨、殡葬管理的方针、火葬区非火葬区划分的原则、殡葬行政管理体制、殡葬设施管理、遗体处理、丧事活动管理、殡葬设备、殡葬用品管理及罚则等。] ，标志着我国殡葬管理进入了制度化、法制化和规范化阶段；2012年11月，国务院发布自2013年1月1日起施行的《国务院关于修改和废止部分行政法规的决定》[ 中华人民共和国国务院令第628号。] ；2018年9月7日，民政部公布《殡葬管理条例（修订草案征求意见稿）》，已经实施了21年的《殡葬管理条例》将迎来首次大修。 尽管如此，“墓地危机”[ “墓地危机”不仅是价格危机，墓地数量的稀缺也使得公墓成为一种稀缺性资源，公共墓地逐渐失去传统墓地所具有的公共性，成为一种准“私产”，失去了其作为公共服务产品的公益性。]仍然是政府所要面对的一个巨大难题。本调研小组以成都市经营性公墓的发展为例，通过前期研究发现，墓地价格的持续上涨并非只应“归功于”经营者的盈利所求，民众传统丧葬观念对墓种选择的影响、政府土地政策对于公墓占地的限制及社保体系中丧葬制度存在的缺陷、公墓管理过程中重重困难的阻碍等均是导致坟地产畸形发展的直接或间接影响因素。调研小组以成都市多家经营性公墓在经营与管理过程中的典型案例为样本，通过对市内多家祭品店、公墓咨询点等地的实地走访，与市殡仪馆基层干部和普通群众座谈并发放调查问卷等方法，深入剖析“墓地危机”多方面多层次的成因，以期从实践层面为政府出台经营性公墓的规范管理政策及完善既有社会保障体系中的丧葬部分提供具有可行性的建议，从多个方面最大限度地保障人民的权益。

英文摘要：

February 1985, the State Council of PRC issued the interim provisions on funeral management, which was the first national funeral administrative regulations after the founding of new China and indicated that China's funeral reform had initially entered the legal stage from the advocacy stage. July 1997, the State Council adopted the regulations on funeral management, which marked that China's funeral management has entered the stage of institutionalization, legalization and standardization. November 2012, the State Council issued the decision of the state council to revise and abolish some administrative regulations, which took effect from January 1, 2013. September 7, 2018, the Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC promulgated the regulations on funeral management (draft for comments), which has been implemented for 21 years and will usher in the first major overhaul.Still, the "cemetery crisis" is a huge problem for the government. Our team regarded the development of commercial cemeteries of Chengdu as an example, through the preliminary study found that rising cemetery prices not only should be due to operator's profit desires, people traditional funeral concept to the tomb, the limitation of the government land policy on the occupation of cemeteries and the defects of the funeral system in the social security system, cemetery management difficulties hinder etc are in the process of the progress of the burial site to produce deformity caused directly or indirectly influencing factors. We regard several commercial cemeteries and public cemetery in operation and management in the process of a typical case as samples, visited some offerings shops, cemetery office and made discussions with some grassroots cadres and completed questionnaires and other methods. Searching the causes of "grave crisis" deep insight into the various levels and expecting to provide practical Suggestions for the government to issue standard management policies for operational cemeteries and improve the funeral part in the existing social security system, protect people's rights and interests to the maximum extent from many aspects.